Dial-up Internet uses a phone line to access the Internet. Your computer uses its modem to make a standard call to an Internet Service Provider, which then connects you to the World Wide Web. Dial-up has been the main way of accessing the Internet for a number of years, but as content has become more sophisticated, New Zealanders’ use of the Internet has advanced.
Current standard broadband offerings in New Zealand can have speeds of between six and 50 times faster than standard dial-up Internet (and this is increasing as technology advances).
Broadband is provided in a number of ways - over a phone line, by cable, wirelessly, or by satellite - depending on your location.
Many new types of enriched content will not work over dial-up. Or they will be of low quality or take a long time to download. Broadband is becoming a necessity for being online. As it becomes more affordable and its performance increases it will become the main way of accessing the Internet.
Wednesday, March 19, 2008
NATIONAL TELECOM SEMINAR
HISTORYEstablished in 1996, SITM is the first Business school in South Asia committed to develop world class Telecom Business leaders who can handle the ever-changing Technology and the Business Scenario effectively at all levels of the corporate ladder.Since its year of inception SITM has been organizing National Telecom Seminar. Each year with the finest minds of telecom industry, this seminar addresses various relevant issues and trends.With a history of nine successful seminars today Communiqué is a known brand in the telecom arena. The success story at a glance.
I National Telecom Seminar:
In 1997 SITM organized its first National Seminar on Telecom Management and the propelling factor was the recognition of need and means of constructing a common platform for the telecom.
II National Telecom Seminar:
The focus was on "Prevailing Telecom Scenario in India" and the Seminar covered various topics like funding of Telecom Projects, Future Trends in Telecom and IT, Networking Solutions, Intelligent Networking.
III National Telecom Seminar:
IIt addressed moot issues which drove the future of Indian Telecom and IT Sector like Cellular Industry in the next Millennium, IT Beyond year 2000, Software and Telecom march together.
IV National Telecom Seminar:
With the theme of "Infoway e- Nigma", it was a resilient effort to bring together the future professionals and present corporate players on a common platform to speculate on solutions for various impending issues concerning the Internet service providers. Mr. Amitabh Singhal, Secretary, ISPAI on 14th October 2000, inaugurated the two-day seminar. The Guest of Honor, Mr. Shyamal Ghosh, Chairman, Telecom Commission and Secretary, DoT, delivered the keynote address on the present telecom scenario in India.
V National Telecom Seminar:
Under the theme of "Beyond Bandwidth"the seminar presented a gamut of ideas, and was described by many as " aptly timed", the seminar was co-sponsored by TATA Power Broadband. It provided a broad platform to discuss the issues, rankling the telecom fraternity at large. Mr. Bhagwan D. Khurana, Group President Reliance Infocom Ltd inaugurated the seminar.
VI National Telecom Seminar:
"The Wireless Conclave", addressed the key issues concerning the Indian wireless telecommunication industry. The keynote address was by Mr. Prithipal Singh, CMD, BSNL. The seminar was co-sponsored by BSNL, IDEA cellular, Business India, TATA Net, Global Telesystems and Heliosoft.
VII National Telecom Seminar:
Communiqué 03 focused at "Path to Profitable Growth", and it aimed to address the key issues concerning revenue generation and optimization of resources in telecommunication industry. The Chief-Guest for the event was, Mr. Pradip Baijal, Chairman TRAI. The Guests of Honor were, Mr. Kishore Chaukar, MD Tata Industries and Mr. Kanwalinder Singh, CTO, Lucent Technologies.The seminar was organized in association with Tata Indicomm and was co-sponsored by SAP Global Telesystems Limited. Taj Blue Diamond was the hospitality sponsor and Business India was the official magazine.
VIII National Telecom Seminar:
Communiqué 04, discussed the various "Strategies and Opportunities in a Consolidating Telecom Market: Emergence of a New Landscape" which focused upon the rapid restructuring taking place in India's consolidating telecom environment and the strategies and opportunities arising out of it. The honorable Union Minister for Communications & IT, Dr. Shakeel Ahmad of state inaugurated it at Vishwabhawan. Some other eminent personalities present were Justice D.P.Wadhwa, Chairperson TDSAT,Mr. Firdose Vandrevala, Chairman TTSL, Mr. Shyamal Ghosh, Administrator USO Fund, Dr. D.P.S Seth, Member TRAI and Mr. Prakash Bajpai President, Reliance Infocomm.
IX National Telecom Seminar:
Communiqué 05 had the theme "Realizing New Avenues in a diverse Telecom Landscape"...Exploring New Paradigms which focused upon the new avenues for the Indian Telecom Industry like the relevance of 3G services in Urban India & proliferating telecom services in Rural India. The aim of the seminar was to understand the various issues related to these new opportunities that have presented themselves in an ever-competitive telecom environment. The panel discussion saw the topic of "Number Portability:The Cellular Conundrum" discussed by the who's who of the industry.In its continuous endeavor to offer more value to the telecom fraternity SITM introduced "SITM Forecast" in 2002, which is a sincere attempt by its student managers in predicting the future trend of the telecom sector by through study, and meticulously calculated values.With its commendable past record National Telecom Seminar- Communiqué is a quintessential conference for exchange of valuable information.
I National Telecom Seminar:
In 1997 SITM organized its first National Seminar on Telecom Management and the propelling factor was the recognition of need and means of constructing a common platform for the telecom.
II National Telecom Seminar:
The focus was on "Prevailing Telecom Scenario in India" and the Seminar covered various topics like funding of Telecom Projects, Future Trends in Telecom and IT, Networking Solutions, Intelligent Networking.
III National Telecom Seminar:
IIt addressed moot issues which drove the future of Indian Telecom and IT Sector like Cellular Industry in the next Millennium, IT Beyond year 2000, Software and Telecom march together.
IV National Telecom Seminar:
With the theme of "Infoway e- Nigma", it was a resilient effort to bring together the future professionals and present corporate players on a common platform to speculate on solutions for various impending issues concerning the Internet service providers. Mr. Amitabh Singhal, Secretary, ISPAI on 14th October 2000, inaugurated the two-day seminar. The Guest of Honor, Mr. Shyamal Ghosh, Chairman, Telecom Commission and Secretary, DoT, delivered the keynote address on the present telecom scenario in India.
V National Telecom Seminar:
Under the theme of "Beyond Bandwidth"the seminar presented a gamut of ideas, and was described by many as " aptly timed", the seminar was co-sponsored by TATA Power Broadband. It provided a broad platform to discuss the issues, rankling the telecom fraternity at large. Mr. Bhagwan D. Khurana, Group President Reliance Infocom Ltd inaugurated the seminar.
VI National Telecom Seminar:
"The Wireless Conclave", addressed the key issues concerning the Indian wireless telecommunication industry. The keynote address was by Mr. Prithipal Singh, CMD, BSNL. The seminar was co-sponsored by BSNL, IDEA cellular, Business India, TATA Net, Global Telesystems and Heliosoft.
VII National Telecom Seminar:
Communiqué 03 focused at "Path to Profitable Growth", and it aimed to address the key issues concerning revenue generation and optimization of resources in telecommunication industry. The Chief-Guest for the event was, Mr. Pradip Baijal, Chairman TRAI. The Guests of Honor were, Mr. Kishore Chaukar, MD Tata Industries and Mr. Kanwalinder Singh, CTO, Lucent Technologies.The seminar was organized in association with Tata Indicomm and was co-sponsored by SAP Global Telesystems Limited. Taj Blue Diamond was the hospitality sponsor and Business India was the official magazine.
VIII National Telecom Seminar:
Communiqué 04, discussed the various "Strategies and Opportunities in a Consolidating Telecom Market: Emergence of a New Landscape" which focused upon the rapid restructuring taking place in India's consolidating telecom environment and the strategies and opportunities arising out of it. The honorable Union Minister for Communications & IT, Dr. Shakeel Ahmad of state inaugurated it at Vishwabhawan. Some other eminent personalities present were Justice D.P.Wadhwa, Chairperson TDSAT,Mr. Firdose Vandrevala, Chairman TTSL, Mr. Shyamal Ghosh, Administrator USO Fund, Dr. D.P.S Seth, Member TRAI and Mr. Prakash Bajpai President, Reliance Infocomm.
IX National Telecom Seminar:
Communiqué 05 had the theme "Realizing New Avenues in a diverse Telecom Landscape"...Exploring New Paradigms which focused upon the new avenues for the Indian Telecom Industry like the relevance of 3G services in Urban India & proliferating telecom services in Rural India. The aim of the seminar was to understand the various issues related to these new opportunities that have presented themselves in an ever-competitive telecom environment. The panel discussion saw the topic of "Number Portability:The Cellular Conundrum" discussed by the who's who of the industry.In its continuous endeavor to offer more value to the telecom fraternity SITM introduced "SITM Forecast" in 2002, which is a sincere attempt by its student managers in predicting the future trend of the telecom sector by through study, and meticulously calculated values.With its commendable past record National Telecom Seminar- Communiqué is a quintessential conference for exchange of valuable information.
Thursday, March 13, 2008
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A ROUTER AND HUB OR SWITCH
A router is a more sophisticated network device than either a switch or a hub. Like hubs and switches, network routers are typically small, box-like pieces of equipment that multiple computers can connect to. Each features a number of "ports" the front or back that provide the connection points for these computers, a connection for electric power, and a number of LED lights to display device status. While routers, hubs and switches all share similiar physical appearance, routers differ substantially in their inner workings.
Traditional routers are designed to join multiple area networks (LANs and WANs). On the Internet or on a large corporate network, for example, routers serve as intermediate destinations for network traffic. These routers receive TCP/IP packets, look inside each packet to identify the source and target IP addresses, then forward these packets as needed to ensure the data reaches its final destination.
Routers for home networks (often called broadband routers) also can join multiple networks. These routers are designed specifically to join the home (LAN) to the Internet (WAN) for the purpose of Internet connection sharing. In contrast, neither hubs nor switches are capable of joining multiple networks or sharing an Internet connection. A home network with only hubs and switches must designate one computer as the gateway to the Internet, and that device must possess two network adapters for sharing, one for the home LAN and one for the Internet WAN. With a router, all home computers connect to the router equally, and it performs the equivalent gateway functions.
Additionally, broadband routers contain several features beyond those of traditional routers. Broadband routers provide DHCP server and proxy support, for example. Most of these routers also offer integrated firewalls. Finally, wired Ethernet broadband routers typically incorporate a built-in Ethernet switch. These routers allow several hubs or switches to be connected to them, as a means to expand the local network to accomodate more Ethernet devices.
In home networking, hubs and switches technically exist only for wired networks. Wi-Fi wireless routers incorporate a built-in access point that is roughly equivalent to a wired switch.
Traditional routers are designed to join multiple area networks (LANs and WANs). On the Internet or on a large corporate network, for example, routers serve as intermediate destinations for network traffic. These routers receive TCP/IP packets, look inside each packet to identify the source and target IP addresses, then forward these packets as needed to ensure the data reaches its final destination.
Routers for home networks (often called broadband routers) also can join multiple networks. These routers are designed specifically to join the home (LAN) to the Internet (WAN) for the purpose of Internet connection sharing. In contrast, neither hubs nor switches are capable of joining multiple networks or sharing an Internet connection. A home network with only hubs and switches must designate one computer as the gateway to the Internet, and that device must possess two network adapters for sharing, one for the home LAN and one for the Internet WAN. With a router, all home computers connect to the router equally, and it performs the equivalent gateway functions.
Additionally, broadband routers contain several features beyond those of traditional routers. Broadband routers provide DHCP server and proxy support, for example. Most of these routers also offer integrated firewalls. Finally, wired Ethernet broadband routers typically incorporate a built-in Ethernet switch. These routers allow several hubs or switches to be connected to them, as a means to expand the local network to accomodate more Ethernet devices.
In home networking, hubs and switches technically exist only for wired networks. Wi-Fi wireless routers incorporate a built-in access point that is roughly equivalent to a wired switch.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AN ETHERNET HUB OR SWITCH AND A BROADBAND ROUTER
For an introduction to Ethernet hubs and switches and their differences, see “What is the difference between an Ethernet hub and switch?” at http://duxcw.com/faq/network/hubsw.htm.
Most broadband routers (“routers” for short) are a combination Ethernet switch (or hub) and Network Address Translator (NAT; see below). They usually include a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server, Domain Name Service (DNS) proxy server (see below), and a hardware firewall to protect the Local Area Network (LAN) from malicious intrusion from the Internet.
All routers have a Wide Area Network (WAN) Port. This port connects to the to a DSL or cable MODEM for broadband service (e.g., the Internet) and is usually a 10 MHz 10BASET Ethernet port. A 10 MHz WAN port is sufficient for cable and DSL MODEMs as these devices transfer data at rate that is a fraction of 10 MHz. I have seen no broadband routers with a USB WAN port to connect to a USB cable or DSL MODEM.
Many recent broadband routers are combination routers/Ethernet switch (or hub) that have multiple Ethernet ports to connect more than one PC to form a LAN. These ports allow the PCs to share the WAN port/broadband Internet connection and perform LAN functions, such as Windows file and printer sharing. The LAN ports are usually 100 MHz 100 BASE-TX Ethernet.
Some routers have a single WAN port and a single LAN port and are designed to connect to an existing LAN hub or switch to a WAN.
Ethernet switches and hubs can be connected to router with multiple PC ports to expand a LAN. Depending on the capabilities (kinds of available ports) of the router and the switches or hubs, the connection between the router and switches/hubs may require straight-thru or crossover cables (http://duxcw.com/digest/Howto/network/cable/cable1.htm). See “What is an uplink port and what are the ways to connect two hubs/switches together?” at http://duxcw.com/faq/network/uplink.htm for details.
Some routers have ports for USB connections to computers on a LAN. Some have wireless LAN capabilities.
In addition to a WAN port, broadband routers, such as the SMC Barricade routers (http://duxcw.com/digest/Reviews/Network/smc/smc7004br/smc7004br.htm), may have a serial port that can be connected to an external dial-up MODEM (useful as a backup for the cable of DSL service) and a built in LAN printer server and printer port.
A router DHCP server provides local Internet Protocol (IP) Addresses (http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q164/0/15.asp; e.g., 192.168.02, 192.168,.0.2,…) to PC’s, etc. on the LAN set to obtain their IP addresses automatically. These DHCP servers can usually be configured to allow assignment of static IP addresses to PCs and other devices on the LAN. A router-borne DNS proxy handles Internet name resolution requests form PCs on the LAN to the ISPs DNS servers to translate names of computers on the Internet to IP addresses (e.g., duxcw.com to 216.92.56.121). The NAT function in the broadband router allows sharing a single IP address provided by the Internet Service Provider with PCs connected directly to the router/switch or to hub or switch connected to the router by mapping local LAN IP addresses (assigned by the DHCP server or static IPs on the same TCP/IP subnet) to Internet IP addresses and vice versa and translating the address information in the TCP/IP protocol packets.
Besides the inherent protection features provided by the NAT, many routers have a built-in, configurable, hardware-based firewall. Firewall capabilities can range from the very basic to quite sophisticated. Among the capabilities found on leading routers are those that permit configuring TCP/UDP ports (http://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbers) for games, chat services, and the like, and installing web servers, etc. on the LAN behind the firewall.
In short, a hub glues together an Ethernet network segment, a switch can connect multiple Ethernet segments, and a router can do those functions plus route TCP/IP packets between multiple PCs on LAN and a WAN, and much more.
Most broadband routers (“routers” for short) are a combination Ethernet switch (or hub) and Network Address Translator (NAT; see below). They usually include a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server, Domain Name Service (DNS) proxy server (see below), and a hardware firewall to protect the Local Area Network (LAN) from malicious intrusion from the Internet.
All routers have a Wide Area Network (WAN) Port. This port connects to the to a DSL or cable MODEM for broadband service (e.g., the Internet) and is usually a 10 MHz 10BASET Ethernet port. A 10 MHz WAN port is sufficient for cable and DSL MODEMs as these devices transfer data at rate that is a fraction of 10 MHz. I have seen no broadband routers with a USB WAN port to connect to a USB cable or DSL MODEM.
Many recent broadband routers are combination routers/Ethernet switch (or hub) that have multiple Ethernet ports to connect more than one PC to form a LAN. These ports allow the PCs to share the WAN port/broadband Internet connection and perform LAN functions, such as Windows file and printer sharing. The LAN ports are usually 100 MHz 100 BASE-TX Ethernet.
Some routers have a single WAN port and a single LAN port and are designed to connect to an existing LAN hub or switch to a WAN.
Ethernet switches and hubs can be connected to router with multiple PC ports to expand a LAN. Depending on the capabilities (kinds of available ports) of the router and the switches or hubs, the connection between the router and switches/hubs may require straight-thru or crossover cables (http://duxcw.com/digest/Howto/network/cable/cable1.htm). See “What is an uplink port and what are the ways to connect two hubs/switches together?” at http://duxcw.com/faq/network/uplink.htm for details.
Some routers have ports for USB connections to computers on a LAN. Some have wireless LAN capabilities.
In addition to a WAN port, broadband routers, such as the SMC Barricade routers (http://duxcw.com/digest/Reviews/Network/smc/smc7004br/smc7004br.htm), may have a serial port that can be connected to an external dial-up MODEM (useful as a backup for the cable of DSL service) and a built in LAN printer server and printer port.
A router DHCP server provides local Internet Protocol (IP) Addresses (http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q164/0/15.asp; e.g., 192.168.02, 192.168,.0.2,…) to PC’s, etc. on the LAN set to obtain their IP addresses automatically. These DHCP servers can usually be configured to allow assignment of static IP addresses to PCs and other devices on the LAN. A router-borne DNS proxy handles Internet name resolution requests form PCs on the LAN to the ISPs DNS servers to translate names of computers on the Internet to IP addresses (e.g., duxcw.com to 216.92.56.121). The NAT function in the broadband router allows sharing a single IP address provided by the Internet Service Provider with PCs connected directly to the router/switch or to hub or switch connected to the router by mapping local LAN IP addresses (assigned by the DHCP server or static IPs on the same TCP/IP subnet) to Internet IP addresses and vice versa and translating the address information in the TCP/IP protocol packets.
Besides the inherent protection features provided by the NAT, many routers have a built-in, configurable, hardware-based firewall. Firewall capabilities can range from the very basic to quite sophisticated. Among the capabilities found on leading routers are those that permit configuring TCP/UDP ports (http://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbers) for games, chat services, and the like, and installing web servers, etc. on the LAN behind the firewall.
In short, a hub glues together an Ethernet network segment, a switch can connect multiple Ethernet segments, and a router can do those functions plus route TCP/IP packets between multiple PCs on LAN and a WAN, and much more.
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN ETHERNET HUB AND SWITCH?
Although hubs and switches both glue the PCs in a network together, a switch is more expensive and a network built with switches is generally considered faster than one built with hubs. Why?
When a hub receives a packet (chunk) of data (a frame in Ethernet lingo) at one of its ports from a PC on the network, it transmits (repeats) the packet to all of its ports and, thus, to all of the other PCs on the network. If two or more PCs on the network try to send packets at the same time a collision is said to occur. When that happens all of the PCs have to go though a routine to resolve the conflict. The process is prescribed in the Ethernet Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) protocol. Each Ethernet Adapter has both a receiver and a transmitter. If the adapters didn't have to listen with their receivers for collisions they would be able to send data at the same time they are receiving it (full duplex). Because they have to operate at half duplex (data flows one way at a time) and a hub retransmits data from one PC to all of the PCs, the maximum bandwidth is 100 Mhz and that bandwidth is shared by all of the PC's connected to the hub. The result is when a person using a computer on a hub downloads a large file or group of files from another computer the network becomes congested. In a 10 Mhz 10Base-T network the affect is to slow the network to nearly a crawl. The affect on a small, 100 Mbps (million bits per scond), 5-port network is not as significant.
Two computers can be connected directly together in an Ethernet with a crossover cable. A crossover cable doesn't have a collision problem. It hardwires the Ethernet transmitter on one computer to the receiver on the other. Most 100BASE-TX Ethernet Adapters can detect when listening for collisions is not required with a process known as auto-negotiation and will operate in a full duplex mode when it is permitted. The result is a crossover cable doesn't have delays caused by collisions, data can be sent in both directions simultaneously, the maximum available bandwidth is 200 Mbps, 100 Mbps each way, and there are no other PC's with which the bandwidth must be shared.
An Ethernet switch automatically divides the network into multiple segments, acts as a high-speed, selective bridge between the segments, and supports simultaneous connections of multiple pairs of computers which don't compete with other pairs of computers for network bandwidth. It accomplishes this by maintaining a table of each destination address and its port. When the switch receives a packet, it reads the destination address from the header information in the packet, establishes a temporary connection between the source and destination ports, sends the packet on its way, and then terminates the connection.
Picture a switch as making multiple temporary crossover cable connections between pairs of computers (the cables are actually straight-thru cables; the crossover function is done inside the switch). High-speed electronics in the switch automatically connect the end of one cable (source port) from a sending computer to the end of another cable (destination port) going to the receiving computer on a per packet basis. Multiple connections like this can occur simultaneously. It's as simple as that. And like a crossover cable between two PCs, PC's on an Ethernet switch do not share the transmission media, do not experience collisions or have to listen for them, can operate in a full-duplex mode, have bandwidth as high as 200 Mbps, 100 Mbps each way, and do not share this bandwidth with other PCs on the switch. In short, a switch is "more better."
When a hub receives a packet (chunk) of data (a frame in Ethernet lingo) at one of its ports from a PC on the network, it transmits (repeats) the packet to all of its ports and, thus, to all of the other PCs on the network. If two or more PCs on the network try to send packets at the same time a collision is said to occur. When that happens all of the PCs have to go though a routine to resolve the conflict. The process is prescribed in the Ethernet Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) protocol. Each Ethernet Adapter has both a receiver and a transmitter. If the adapters didn't have to listen with their receivers for collisions they would be able to send data at the same time they are receiving it (full duplex). Because they have to operate at half duplex (data flows one way at a time) and a hub retransmits data from one PC to all of the PCs, the maximum bandwidth is 100 Mhz and that bandwidth is shared by all of the PC's connected to the hub. The result is when a person using a computer on a hub downloads a large file or group of files from another computer the network becomes congested. In a 10 Mhz 10Base-T network the affect is to slow the network to nearly a crawl. The affect on a small, 100 Mbps (million bits per scond), 5-port network is not as significant.
Two computers can be connected directly together in an Ethernet with a crossover cable. A crossover cable doesn't have a collision problem. It hardwires the Ethernet transmitter on one computer to the receiver on the other. Most 100BASE-TX Ethernet Adapters can detect when listening for collisions is not required with a process known as auto-negotiation and will operate in a full duplex mode when it is permitted. The result is a crossover cable doesn't have delays caused by collisions, data can be sent in both directions simultaneously, the maximum available bandwidth is 200 Mbps, 100 Mbps each way, and there are no other PC's with which the bandwidth must be shared.
An Ethernet switch automatically divides the network into multiple segments, acts as a high-speed, selective bridge between the segments, and supports simultaneous connections of multiple pairs of computers which don't compete with other pairs of computers for network bandwidth. It accomplishes this by maintaining a table of each destination address and its port. When the switch receives a packet, it reads the destination address from the header information in the packet, establishes a temporary connection between the source and destination ports, sends the packet on its way, and then terminates the connection.
Picture a switch as making multiple temporary crossover cable connections between pairs of computers (the cables are actually straight-thru cables; the crossover function is done inside the switch). High-speed electronics in the switch automatically connect the end of one cable (source port) from a sending computer to the end of another cable (destination port) going to the receiving computer on a per packet basis. Multiple connections like this can occur simultaneously. It's as simple as that. And like a crossover cable between two PCs, PC's on an Ethernet switch do not share the transmission media, do not experience collisions or have to listen for them, can operate in a full-duplex mode, have bandwidth as high as 200 Mbps, 100 Mbps each way, and do not share this bandwidth with other PCs on the switch. In short, a switch is "more better."
Wednesday, March 12, 2008
"SWITCH (NETWORK SWITCH)"
Definition: A network switch is a small hardware device that joins multiple computers together within one local area network (LAN). Technically, network switches operate at layer two (Data Link Layer) of the OSI model.
Network switches appear nearly identical to network hubs, but a switch generally contains more "intelligence" (and a slightly higher price tag) than a hub. Unlike hubs, network switches are capable of inspecting data packets as they are received, determining the source and destination device of that packet, and forwarding it appropriately. By delivering each message only to the connected device it was intended for, a network switch conserves network bandwidth and offers generally better performance than a hub.
As with hubs, Ethernet implementations of network switches are the most common.
Network switches appear nearly identical to network hubs, but a switch generally contains more "intelligence" (and a slightly higher price tag) than a hub. Unlike hubs, network switches are capable of inspecting data packets as they are received, determining the source and destination device of that packet, and forwarding it appropriately. By delivering each message only to the connected device it was intended for, a network switch conserves network bandwidth and offers generally better performance than a hub.
As with hubs, Ethernet implementations of network switches are the most common.
Mainstream Ethernet network switches support either 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, or 10/100 Mbps Ethernet standards.
Different models of network switches support differing numbers of connected devices. Most consumer-grade network switches provide either four or eight connections for Ethernet devices. Switches can be connected to each other. Such "daisy chaining" allows progressively larger number of devices to join the same LAN.
Different models of network switches support differing numbers of connected devices. Most consumer-grade network switches provide either four or eight connections for Ethernet devices. Switches can be connected to each other. Such "daisy chaining" allows progressively larger number of devices to join the same LAN.
ETHERNET HUB
Definition: In computer networking, a hub is a small, simple, inexpensive device that joins multiple computers together. Many network hubs available today support the Ethernet standard. Other types including USB hubs also exist, but Ethernet is the type traditionally used in home networking.
Working With Ethernet HubsTo network a group of computers using an Ethernet hub, first connect an Ethernet cable into the unit, then connect the other end of the cable to each computer's network interface card (NIC). All Ethernet hubs accept the RJ-45 connectors of standard Ethernet cables.
To expand a network to accommodate more devices, Ethernet hubs can also be connected to each other, to switches, or to routers.
Characteristics of Ethernet HubsEthernet hubs vary in the speed (network data rate or bandwidth) they support. Some years ago, Ethernet hubs offered only 10 Mbps rated speeds. Newer types of hubs offer 100 Mbps Ethernet. Some support both 10 Mbps and 100 Mbps (so-called dual-speed or 10/100 hubs).
The number of ports an Ethernet hub supports also varies. Four- and five-port Ethernet hubs are most common in home networks, but eight- and 16-port hubs can be found in some home and small office environments.
Older Ethernet hubs were relatively large in size and sometimes noisy as they contained built in fans for cooling the unit. Newer devices are much smaller, designed for mobility, and noiseless.
When To Use an Ethernet Hub
Ethernet hubs operate as Layer 2 devices in the OSI model, the same as network switches. Although offering comparable functionality, nearly all mainstream home network equipment today utilizes network switch technology instead of hubs due to the performance benefits of switches. A hub can be useful for temporarily replacing a broken network switch or when performance is not a critical factor on the network
Working With Ethernet HubsTo network a group of computers using an Ethernet hub, first connect an Ethernet cable into the unit, then connect the other end of the cable to each computer's network interface card (NIC). All Ethernet hubs accept the RJ-45 connectors of standard Ethernet cables.
To expand a network to accommodate more devices, Ethernet hubs can also be connected to each other, to switches, or to routers.
Characteristics of Ethernet HubsEthernet hubs vary in the speed (network data rate or bandwidth) they support. Some years ago, Ethernet hubs offered only 10 Mbps rated speeds. Newer types of hubs offer 100 Mbps Ethernet. Some support both 10 Mbps and 100 Mbps (so-called dual-speed or 10/100 hubs).
The number of ports an Ethernet hub supports also varies. Four- and five-port Ethernet hubs are most common in home networks, but eight- and 16-port hubs can be found in some home and small office environments.
Older Ethernet hubs were relatively large in size and sometimes noisy as they contained built in fans for cooling the unit. Newer devices are much smaller, designed for mobility, and noiseless.
When To Use an Ethernet Hub
Ethernet hubs operate as Layer 2 devices in the OSI model, the same as network switches. Although offering comparable functionality, nearly all mainstream home network equipment today utilizes network switch technology instead of hubs due to the performance benefits of switches. A hub can be useful for temporarily replacing a broken network switch or when performance is not a critical factor on the network
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